A
Acid, acidic: acids have chemical formulae that start with H. Acids are substances that have pH values under 7. Acidic substances turn blue litmus paper red.

Alkalinity: means basic. Alkalinity in a water source is due to hydroxides, carbonates or hydrogen carbonates

Alum: a chemical used in water treatment plants to help form a floc (sticky substance). This floc helps remove suspended particles from the water

Amino acid: proteins are made of amino acids. Some amino acids are only found in food. These are known as essential amino acids. Other amino acids are made by the body as it digests the food we eat.

Anemia: health condition as a result of having low levels of iron in the blood.

Ascorbic acid: vitamin C

Atom: The smallest indivisible particle of matter

B
Base, basic: bases have chemical formulae that end in OH (hydroxide). Bases are substances that have pH values above 7. Basic substances turn red litmus paper blue.

Benedict's solution: Solution used to test for the presence of sugar. A yellow, orange or red color indicates that sugar is present.

Biuret reagent: Used to test for the presence of protein. A purple or light pink (violet) color indicates the presence of protein.

Blanch (blanching): A method used to prepare food for freezing. The food is submerged in hot water for a brief period of time before being placed in packages and frozen.

C

Calciferol: Vitamin D

Calorie: a unit used to measure the energy content in food. This unit of energy is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.

Canadian food guide: a chart that can be used to select foods that will provide a well-balanced healthy diet.

Canning: a method of preserving food

Carbohydrate: a key nutrient found in food. Carbohydrates consist of energy rich foods like bread and pasta.

Chemical bond: An attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule.

Chemical change: A change in which an entirely new, chemically different substance is formed.

Chemical composition: The makeup of a substance. Water is made of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen

Chemical equation: A summary of a chemical reaction using chemical symbols and formulae.

Chemical formula: Chemical symbols placed side by side along with necessary subscripts to denote chemical compounds.

Chemical reaction: The process in which reactants turn into products.

Chemical symbol: A single upper case letter or an uppercase letter followed by a lower case letter that is the shortform for an element.

Cholesterol: a type of dietary fat

Colloidal Dispersion: A mixture of two or more substances that appears homogeneous, does not settle when left standing undisturbed and will show the tyndall effect.

Composition: The make up of a substance.

Compound: a substance formed as a result of the union between two or more elements.

Concentration: Gives the strength of a solution. For Science 10 we define concentration as the amount of solute in grams that is dissolved in enough solvent (water) to make 1 L of solution.

Concentrated: A term used to describe the stronger of two solutions when comparing solutions.

Conservation: saving or keeping

Consumption: amount used

Contaminant: an undesirable substance that is considered to make something impure or dirty.

Covalent compound: A compound composed or made of only nonmetallic elements.

Curing: a method of food preservation that involves soaking the food in a strong salt solution.

D

Dehydrating: a method of food preservation that involves removing the water from the food. (Drying the food)

Dermatitis: condition of the skin often appearing as a rash or dry flaking skin

Diabetes: a disease characterized by sugar imbalances in the blood

Dilute: A term used to describe the weaker of two solutions when comparing two solutions

Distillate: Is one component of a mixture that has been put through the process of distillation. Is the substance that vaporizes, travels through the glass tubing and is later condensed as it cools in a separate container. The distillate will be the substance from the mixture that has the lowest boiling point.

Distillation: Is a process that can be used to separate the components of a mixture as long as these components have different boiling points. The substance with the lowest boiing point vaporizes first, travels through the glass tubing and is later condensed in a separate container. The substance in the mixture with the highest boiling point remains in the distilling flask and is called the residue.

DNAPL stands for dense nonaqueous phase liquids which means they are heavier than water and will sink easily into the ground. Common DNAPLs are things like dry cleaning solvents and wood preservatives.

E

Edema: swelling

Element: a building block of matter. All elements appear on the periodic table of the elements.

Element Symbol: The shortform for an element. H is the symbol for the element hydrogen, F is the symbol for the element flourine

Emulsifier: a substance that is used to prevent the liquids in an emulsion from separating into layers.

Emulsion: A mixture of two or more liquids that is heterogeneous. Emulsions will settle into layers when the emulsion is left standing undisturbed for a period of time. Emulsions will show the tyndall effect.

Essential amino acid: amino acids that are obtained only from food (protein).

Evaporation: The process in which a liquid changes to a vapor (gas). In the water cycle (hydrologic cycle) evaporation refers to liquid water on the earth's surface changing into water vapor.

F

Family: A family of elements is a group of elements in any column of the periodic table

Fat: One key nutrient found in foods. Fat is an important part of a regular balanced diet. Fats would be found in foods like butter, margarine, mayonnaise and oil.

Filter: In Science 10 the filter was a circular paper that was used to trap suspended solid particles during a filtration. But, a filter could be anything that serves to trap the larger particles and allows the smaller particles in a mixture to flow through.

Filtrate: Is the substance that passes through the filter during a filtration.

Filtration: The process of passing a mixture through a filter in the hopes of separating the suspended solid particles from the liquid particles.

Floc: A floc is formed in the water treatment process to help remove suspended particles from the water. The floc is formed as a result of adding alum and lime to the water.

Food additive: a substance added to food that becomes part of that food or changes the properties of that food. The food additive is usually added to the food during processing and/or packaging.

Freezing: a change of state of a substance from liquid to solid.

Freezing: a method of food preservation involving low temperatures.

G

Groundwater flow: One part of the water cycle. Groundwater flow refers to the underground movement of water.

Group: A column of elements in the periodic table is often called a group or a family of elements

H
Hard water is water that contains enough calcium and magnesium ions so that it is difficult to form a lather with soap. Often soap will form curds or a scum if the water is hard.

Heterogeneous matter is matter that has nonuniform composition or does not look uniform throughout. An example of heterogeneous matter would be a mixture of sand and salt or a mixture of soil and water.

Homogeneous matter is matter that has uniform composition and looks the same throughout the sample. An example of homogeneous matter would be table salt or drinking water.

Hydrologic Cycle: Also known as the water cycle. This process is powered by the sun and is the way in which nature purifies and recycles water in our environment. It involves: transpiration, evaporation, precipitation, surface runoff, groundwater flow, and the water table

I

Iodine solution: a solution containing iodine that is used to test for the presence of starch. A dark green, dark purple or almost black color indicates the presence of starch.

Ion: a charged atom or a charged group of atoms.

Ionic compound: A compound composed of a metallic element and nonmetallic elements

Insoluble: an adjective used to describe solutes that do not dissolve

J

K

L

Lacto-vegetarian: a person whose vegetarian diet also includes milk and dairy products.

Law of Conservation of Energy: This law states that matter cannot be created or destroyed.

Law of Conservation of Mass: This law states that mass is conserved in a chemical reaction. This means that the total mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the products in the chemical reaction.

Law of Constant Composition: This law states that the composition of a compound is always the same, regardless of where that compound is found or how that compound was made.

Lime: a chemical substance often added to water in the water treatment process. This chemical along with alum is added to water in the water treatment plant to help make a floc (sticky substance). Suspended particles in the water stick to the floc, making the floc heavier and helping it to settle quicker.

Lipid: another name for the key nutrient in food known as fats.

Litmus: a special dye that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base. Litmus is known as an acid/base indicator. Acids turn blue litmus paper red. Bases turn red litmus paper blue.

Lugol solution: another name for iodine solution

M

Metal: A substance that is shiny, conducts electricity and heat, and can be bent and shaped into sheets or wires. Metals are found on the left hand side of the periodic table.

Metallic element: Elements found on the left side of the periodic table are called metals.

Minerals: one nutrient group of a well balanced diet. Examples of minerals are: iron, calcium, magnesium, selenium

Model: a mental picture of how things work. A model is used to help explain observations.

Molecule: two or more atoms joined together. If the atoms are different, the molecule is that of a compound. If the atoms are the same the molecule is that of an element.

Monounsaturated fat: one type of unsaturated fat. Food sources include peanuts, walnuts, hazelnuts, canola oil and olive oil..

N

Nonmetal: Elements that do not conduct electricity or heat are grouped together as nonmetallic elements. The nonmetallic elements are found in the upper right hand corner of the periodic table.

Nutrient: substances making up the nutritious parts of foods: carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, vitamins and water. The nutrients give the body energy and promote the growth and repair of body tissues.

O

Osteoporosis: a disease characterized by bone loss as one ages.

Ovo-lacto-vegetarian: a person whose vegetarian diet also includes eggs, milk and dairy products.

Ovo-vegetarian: a person whose vegetarian diet also includes eggs.

Oxidation: the reaction of something with the oxygen in the air

P

Percent Composition: The make up of a substance given in percent. %H for water = mass of H ÷ mass of water x 100

Periodic Table: A table that arranges all of the elements in a series of rows and columns

Period: A row of elements in the periodic table

pH:measures how acidic a substance is. pH ranges from 0 to 14. Values less than 7 are acidic. Values greater than 7 are basic. pH = 7 indicates a neutral substance. Acids of pH of 1 are 100 times as strong as acids of pH of 3. This is because the pH scale is an exponential scale. A change of 2 on the scale is actually a change of 10^2 or 100.

pH indicator: a substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base. A pH indicator will show varying colors based upon the strength of the acid or base in which the indicator is placed.

pH meter: an electronic device used to measure the pH

pH paper: special paper that has been soaked in a pH indicator and then dried. pH paper is used to find the pH of a substance.

Phase: a visibly distinct portion of matter. The three phases of matter are solid, liquid and gas(vapor)

Physical change: a change in which a substance changes form. Example: changes of state are physical changes

Pollutant: a substance that is considered to make something else less pure or more dirty

Polyunsaturated fat: a type of unsaturated fat. Food sources of polyunsaturated fat include: corn oil, salmon, tuna, safflower oil and soy bean oil.

Precipitation: One part of the water cycle. Moisture falls to the earth surface in the form of rain, snow, hail or sleet.

Preservative: a substance used to prolong the shelf life of foods or to prevent the spoilage of food.

Product: A substance or the substances formed in a chemical reaction.

Protein: a nutrient found in foods like meat, poultry, eggs, beans and dairy products. Proteins are made of amino acids.

Q

R

Reactant: The substances you have at the beginning or start of a chemical reaction. The reactants are written on the left hand side of the equation.

Residue: Is the substance left behind. It is the solid substance trapped by the filter paper in a filtration or is the substance remaining in the distilling flask after a distillation.

Retinol: vitamin A

Rickets: a disease caused by a deficiency in vitamin D

S

Saturated: an adjective used to describe solutions that hold as much solute as is possible

Saturated fat: a fat molecule that contains only single bonds between carbon atoms. The carbon atoms have as many hydrogen atoms bonded to them as is possible. The molecule will not be able to absorb more hydrogen atoms.

Scurvy: a disease caused by a deficiency in vitamin C

Soft water is water that easily forms lather with soap.

Soluble: an adjective used to describe solutes that dissolve

Solute: is one component of a solution. The solute is the pure substance that dissolves. The solute is the substance added to the solvent. The solute is the substance that is dissolved by the solvent.

Solution: a clear and homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances ( a solute and a solvent)

Solvent: one component of a solution. The solvent is the pure substance that does the dissolving. The solute will dissolve in the solvent.

Supersaturated: an adjective used to describe solutions that have more than the normal amount of solute dissolved. A supersaturated solution had a concentration greater than the solubility.

Surface runoff: One part of the water cycle. Surface runoff refers to water flowing over the earth's surface and into a lake, stream, river or other water body.

Suspension: a mixture that is heterogeneous and settles when left standing undisturbed for a period of time. Suspensions show the tyndall effect.

T

Thiamin: vitamin B1

Tocopherol: vitamin E

Total Dissolved Solids: means the amount of solid substance that is dissolved in water found at a particular source
Transpiration: The process in which green plants give off water.

Tyndall effect: this is the effect seen when a mixture makes a beam of light visible. A common example of the tyndall effect is when you can see the beam of light from a movie projector travel through the air until it reaches the screen or seeing the rays of sunshine stream into a room.

U

Unsaturated: an adjective used to describe a solution in which more solute would be able to be dissolved.

Unsaturated fat: are fats that contain at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms in the fat molecule. This would mean that more hydrogen atoms could be added to the molecule. The fat molecule is able to absorb more hydrogen atoms.

V

Vegan: a person who consumes only plant based foods.

Vegetarian: a person whose diet is based on foods derived from plants. Types of vegetarian diets include: vegan, ovo-vegetarian, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and lacto-vegetarian.

Vitamin: a type of nutrient included in a healthy diet. Common vitamins are: vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E

W

Water Table: One part of the water cycle. Water table refers to the level that water will rise in an open well.

Wetlands: wetlands are areas of the earth's surface that are covered by water for all or part of the year. Examples of wetlands are: lakes, rivers, streams, sloughs, bogs, creeks.

Water consumption: This is the amount of water a person uses in a given time period (day, week, month, or year)

Water conservation: This is the amount of water that is unused or saved as a result of a particular effort of someone.

Word equation: a summary of a chemical reaction using words.

X

Y

Z